The Moghul Dynasty Essay Example For Students

The Moghul Dynasty Essay The Moghul Dynasty changed India into one of the greatest empires. It was stretched out over almost two centuries. During this rule, the emperors turned an un-unified nation into a prosperous country. I will discuss the rulers of the Moghul Dynasty and how they changed Indian society. More specifically I will talk about Akbar and what he did for the government and religious institutions and the role of women during this period. The Moghul Dynasty ruled India from 1527 to 1857. The founder of the Moghuls was Babur, who was born in 1483 of a ruler in a small Asian state, Ferghana. At the young age of eleven, Babur inherited the throne from his father. After a long period of hardship and grave danger, Babur detained the Afghanistan throne in 1504. Twenty years later, Babur and 12,000 soldiers embarked to India. He and his men battled against Afghan King of Delhi and triumphed, even though they were outnumbered. Babur was only the emperor of India for four years before his untimely death in 1530. The next emperor was Babur’s son, Humayun, who reigned from 1530 to 1556. Humayun showed no relation to Babur in any way. He was an alcoholic and was addicted to opium.The only use Humayun was to India was that he was the father of Akbar, the greatest ruler of India. We will write a custom essay on The Moghul Dynasty specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Akbar reigned from 1557 to 1605, like his grandfather, he took the throne at a very young age. Even though he never learned to read, he was very interested in learning. He would have others read to him from his books that he collected. Akbar was most famously known for his acceptance of all religions. He died in 1605, but not before building a secure government that he worked diligently to create. After the next two emperors, Jahangir and Shan Jahan, two good rulers, Aurengzeb followed them. Aurengzeb overthrew his father Shan Jahan in 1627. He killed his brothers and imprisoned his father. He persecuted the Hindus and re-established taxes on the Hindus. These discriminatory acts made the Hindus revolt, leaving the empire fragile. This was the beginning of the end of The Great Moghul Empire. The situation only worsened. Years and years of internal fighting between the Hindus and Muslim weakened the government so much that in 1739, the Persians invaded and annex Delhi, giving this per iod the name â€Å"Time of Troubles.† It was only with Britain’s help that order was reinstated. Great Britain got rid removed the Moghul emperor, ending the Moghul Dynasty in 1857. Akbar created an absolute government, which controlled everything, and he was in charge. His word was law, which was the Moghul theory. He commanded the military and believed that a strong nation has a strong military. He required all officials sign up for the military, but didn’t create a navy.The Indians lived by a caste system. There were four groups; the priests and teachers (Brahmins), the warriors and administrators, the merchants, artisans and farmers and the sharecroppers/ farm workers (sudras). The initial two owned land, demanded services from sudras and were privileged in religion and education. Akbar had great, loyal subjects, who he hand picked based on ability and merit. According to custom, the emperor was to present himself in public on a daily basis. So almost every morning, Akbar gathered the public to receive petitions and gave orders. He was even known to put on disguises and go into the marketplace to listen to people’s points of view. For most citizens the payment of land taxes was their only contact to the government.The principle function of the government was the collection of taxes, maintaining order, enforcing the law, and the creation and uptake of roads and bridges. The government did not care about irrigation and water concerns; relief for those is trouble and didn’t even reduce taxes during times of famine. A comprehensive land register, when one documents everything on one’s land, is the foundation of taxation. Taxation of the land was about a third of India’s gross product.If Akbar were to be remembered for only one accomplishment, it would have been his religious tolerance. Over of Indians were Hindus, and the others were mainly Muslims. Akbar allowed each person to believe in whatever religion they wanted. He didn’t tax subjects due to religious preference. He decided to build the Hall of Worship at the capital at that time, Fatehpur Sikri. This is where he invited scholars from different religions to come and discuss religion and philosophy. After discussing the different religions, he took the best parts from Hinduism and Islam and made a state religion called Divine Faith. The main idea Divine Faith that Akbar believed in was to teach people to pursue virtue. From Islam, he borrowed the idea of one God and no priesthood and borrowed many Hindu ceremonies. Akbar’s religion didn’t succeed; the Hindus honored him for his intentions. But on the other hand, the orthodox Muslims begrudged the Emperors religious ideas. Aurengzeb was the emperor to actually abolish religious tolerance and started to persecute Hindus. He was very against Hindus and was an advocate for Muslims. He cruelly persecuted Hindus, restored taxes on Hindus and destroyed their temples. Th is started the Hindus to revolt, leading to bad relations between the two groups. War after war broke out between these two groups, which slowly weakened the government and people so much that it eventually led to the fall of the Moghul Dynasty. .ua223a642022b75a0026b7643cd305505 , .ua223a642022b75a0026b7643cd305505 .postImageUrl , .ua223a642022b75a0026b7643cd305505 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua223a642022b75a0026b7643cd305505 , .ua223a642022b75a0026b7643cd305505:hover , .ua223a642022b75a0026b7643cd305505:visited , .ua223a642022b75a0026b7643cd305505:active { border:0!important; } .ua223a642022b75a0026b7643cd305505 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua223a642022b75a0026b7643cd305505 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua223a642022b75a0026b7643cd305505:active , .ua223a642022b75a0026b7643cd305505:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua223a642022b75a0026b7643cd305505 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua223a642022b75a0026b7643cd305505 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua223a642022b75a0026b7643cd305505 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua223a642022b75a0026b7643cd305505 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua223a642022b75a0026b7643cd305505:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua223a642022b75a0026b7643cd305505 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua223a642022b75a0026b7643cd305505 .ua223a642022b75a0026b7643cd305505-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua223a642022b75a0026b7643cd305505:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Tuition EssayWomen played a major role in the daily lives during the Moghul Dynasty. Their living conditions always varied on religion and class, but they continually deteriorated. The Islamic purdah, a law requiring Muslim women to be veiled and not reveal most of their skin, was one of the many impediments on the Moghul women. Hinduism didn’t require purdah, but upper- caste members regularly dressed in veils.Moghul women excelled as weavers. Each women, not matter her caste, would spin thread for her use.As stated in Women In World History by Sarah Shaver Hughes, â€Å" India’s women hand spinners could also have bragged of their part in creating a textil e industry that for a time, before industrialization, seemed to clothe the world.† (60) Every part of India surged ahead in some kind of textile making, mostly, thanks to women. At one point of time, it was estimated that Bengal produced over two million pounds of silk a year. Muslim and Hindu women also had certain duties they had to fill and had to follow. The differences between Muslim and Hindus when marrying are; Muslim women were allowed to inherit land property, but the Hindu forbade it. Muslim men could have several wives, and the Hindu was monogamous. Muslim allowed divorce and widows were allowed to remarry. The Hindus weren’t allowed to divorce and the widows were actually discouraged to remarry and encouraged to commit suicide on their husband’s grave. The only similarity between these two religions is that when women marry, they’d join their husband’s household. One of the great women in Moghul Dynasty was Nur Jahan, wife of emperor Jah angir. According to Shavers, The Moghul Empress Nur Jahan, she helped her husband with politics for fifteen years of her husband’s life. After her husband died, she stayed involved with the government. Her original plan was to administer the government, and in the end she formed a junta, which worked like a parliament. Nur Jahan helped the Moghul Dynasty when no ruler was present. This didn’t happen to â€Å"normal† women during the 16th and 17th centuries. Noble men adored their Moghul women. To prove that Shan Jahan loved his wife Mumtaz Mahal, he built the Taj Mahal, at the site of her grave. The Moghul Dynasty imposed many lasting images of India. Babur created a great government, which accomplished great tasks. It unified India for the first time in a 1000 years, created a strong government, which eventually would be the basis of independent India’s government, and the long line of capable rulers, especially Akbar. Without the Moghul Dynasty, India w ould have been a divided nation with no central government. So the Moghul Dynasty many not be intact today, but the effects still linger.Bibliography:

Latin America essays

Latin America essays As pointed out by Dr. Nancy Fitch in her review of Gruzinski's The Conquest of Mexico, authorities disagree over how early the Nahuas adopted the Spanish alphabet to render Nahuatl into a written language to produce their own codices or written accounts of the conquest (Fitch, 2003). The Mexican historian Miguel Leon-Portilla, author of The Broken Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico, believes that a rare French Bibliotheque National manuscript (variously described as "Manuscript 22", Unos anales historicos de la nacion mexicana, or the Tlatelolco Codex) was written in Nahuatl by a group of anonymous natives of Tlatelolco in 1528, just seven years after the conquest (Fitch, 2003). J. Jorge Klor de Alva, who wrote the forward to the English translation of The Broken Spears, offers some additional independent primary source evidence that the Nahuas were writing in their native language in the 1520s (Fitch, 2003). There is evidence that indigenous peoples authored many codices, but the Spaniards destroyed most of them in their attempt to eradicate ancient beliefs (Fitch, 2003). Moreover, we can gain little sense of how their production was shaped by interaction with the Spaniards, since the fourth Mexica King, Itzcoatl, apparently destroyed most earlier manuscripts during his reign from 1426-1440, in order to preserve his vision of how he constructed the Mexica empire; still others simply disappeared, without being published or preserved (Fitch, 2003). The Spaniards believed language and evangelization were the keys to making the natives "Spanish", in their understanding of the world (Fitch, 2003). Many sons of caciques in sixteenth century New Spain were sent to the priests to be taught to read and write in Spanish, and to be indoctrinated in Catholicism (Fitch, 2003; Kartutten, 1998). As Zhenja La Rosa argued, the Spaniards assumed t...

All About Maps Essay Example for Free

All About Maps Essay Maps are the world reduced to points, lines, and areas, using a variety of visual resources: size, shape, value, texture or pattern, colour, orientation, and shape. A thin line may mean something different from a thick one, and similarly, red lines from blue ones. A photograph shows all objects in its view; a map is an abstraction of reality. The cartographer selects only the information that is essential to fulfil the purpose of the map, and that is suitable for its scale. Maps use symbols such as points, lines, area patterns and colours to convey information. A map gives a miniature â€Å"picture† of a very large space. A map is a guide to a space you have not encountered before. Maps have distance, mountains, rivers, and shapes of places or destinations. With a map, one does not have to depend on local directions. For a small price, it is a direction finder and a dependable way to take a journey. An atlas is a collection of maps in book form. Atlases are made for different regions and areas, and are prepared for desk use or travel use. A travel atlas is usually packaged for easy use during a trip, often with spiral bindings so it can be folded flat, and with maps at a large zoom so that they can be easily consulted on the go. A desk atlas features sizes and bindings that are typical for reference books: usually a paperback or hardcover format. These are imaginary lines that circle the world in an east-west direction. They tell you how far north or south a place is from the Equator. They are drawn parallel to the Equator. There are five main lines of latitude. They are the Equator, the Tropic of Cancer, the Tropic of Capricorn, the Arctic Circle and the Antarctic Circle. Longitude is the angular distance, measured in degrees, east and west of the Prime Meridian, which is at 0o. These are imaginary lines that run across the Earth’s surface in a north-south direction, from the North Pole to the South Pole. Since a map is a reduced representation of the real world, map symbols are used to represent real objects. Without symbols, we wouldn’t have maps. Both shapes and colours can be used for symbols on maps. A small circle may mean a point of interest, with a brown circle meaning recreation, red circle meaning services, and green circle meaning rest stop. Colours may cover larger areas of a map, such as green representing forested land and blue representing waterways. To ensure that a person can correctly read a map, a Map Le All About Maps. (2016, Dec 16).

Creatine Loading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Creatine Loading - Essay Example This part of the essay will be discussed under the following heads: 1. Introduction 2. Evidence based practice: concept and definition 3. EBP in sports & exercise context a. Swimming b. Cycling 4. Conclusion 1.1 Introduction 1.1 The concept Evidence-based practice (EBP) is refers to the â€Å"review and use of scientific research to determine the most effective outcome. The scientific evidence plays a central role, although clinical judgement and the athlete’s personal preferences and values must also be considered† (Dunford & Doyle, 2008, p.17). EBP is also refers to as the preferential use of mental and behavioural health interventions for which systematic empirical research has provided evidence of statistically significant effectiveness as treatments for specific problems. The University of Minnesota Libraries, which maintains a website on EBP states that â€Å"EBP is a thoughtful integration of the best available evidence, coupled with clinical expertise and enabl es health practitioners of all varieties to address healthcare questions with an evaluative and qualitative approach. EBP allows the practitioner to assess current and part research, clinical guidelines, and other information resources, clinical guidelines, and other information resources in order to identify relevant literature while differentiating between high-quality and low-quality findings† (University of Minnesota; Libraries , 2010). 1.1.1 Significance EBP is highly desirable to research as it leads to rigorous and systematic study of research questions, the answers to which are based on scientific evidence (Nelson, 2010). Gray & Gray (2002) explain that â€Å"because research findings are fundamental in forming recommendations, the quality of the research is very important in EBP (Dunford & Doyle, 2008, p.17). This in turn becomes fundamental to the development of the best practices in a variety of professions (Nelson, 2010). In recent years, professional organisation s such as American Psychological Association, the American Occupational Therapy Association, the American Nurses Association, and the American Physical Therapy Association have been urging their members to carryout research in support or against specific interventions. Canadian equivalent of these organisations also stress on EBP. Other agencies such as the insurance providers have been known to deny insurance coverage to certain interventions due to lack of systematic evidences. 1.1.2 Applicability and areas of research The medical profession, in which treatments prescribed by doctors are based on the best evidence available so that the treatment is effective for the condition at hand, are not the only one to benefit from EBM. Other areas include psychology, psychiatry, rehabilitation, sports and physical activity research to mention a few. Many of these areas where lose bodies of knowledge were prevailing for generations without any empirical evidence are also now exploring applic ation of EBM. Nevertheless, sports and exercise scientists perhaps are the most immediate beneficiary of EBM, next only to the medical profession. The succeeding sections of this part discuss how sport & exercise scientis

Family Law and Divorce Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Family Law and Divorce - Assignment Example According to the findings, section 25 of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973, deals with the norms relating to the settlement of matrimonial assets and monetary issues. Specifically, it comprises of the principles to be adhered to by the court, whilst dealing with the orders relating to financial provisions, property; and ancillary orders dealing with the sale of property, under sections 23, 24, 24(A), respectively. Decisions of the courts are chiefly based on the extant legislation and relevant case law. For making orders under sections 23, 24, 24(A) the courts take the following factors, into consideration. First, the income, property and other assets of the disputants, which are either present or are likely to be available in the foreseeable future, are considered. Second, the present and future financial obligations and needs are taken into consideration. Third, the lifestyle of the family is considered. Fourth, the duration and age of the parties to the marriage are taken into consi deration. Fifth, the physical and mental disabilities of these parties are taken into cognizance. Sixth, any contribution made towards the welfare of the family is taken into consideration. Hence, the consent order should be drawn in such a manner that it includes all the issues regarding ancillary relief. It will be deemed to be a final order and will prove to be difficult to modify or contest, subsequently. Hence, Sheila should have ensured, while drafting the consent order that it reflected all the agreed upon financial provisions. The drafting of consent orders necessitates the exercise of considerable care, so as to provide the maximum possible protection to the applicant. Several considerations have to be envisaged, whilst drafting consent orders.

Wal-Mart Essay Example for Free

Wal-Mart Essay At the same time, it continued to look for retailing opportunities elsewhere, particularly in developing nations where it lacked strong local competitors, where it could gradually alter the shopping culture to its advantage, and where its low price strategy was appealing. Recently, the centerpiece of its international expansion efforts has been China. Wal-Mart opened its first store in China in 1996, but initially expanded very slowly, and by 2006 had only 66 stores. What Wal-Mart discovered, however, was that the Chinese were bargain hunters, and open to the low price strategy and wide selection offered at Wal-Mart stores. Indeed, in terms of their shopping habits, the emerging Chinese middle class seemed more like Americans than Europeans. But to succeed in China, Wal-Mart also found it had to adapt its merchandising and operations strategy to mesh with Chinese culture. One of the things that Wal-Mart has learned is that Chinese consumers insist that food must be freshly harvested, or even killed in front of them. Wal-Mart initially offended Chinese consumers by trying to sell them dead fish, as well as meat packed in Styrofoam and cellophane. Shoppers turned their noses up at what they saw as old merchandise. So Wal-Mart began to display the meat uncovered, installed fish tanks into which shoppers could plunge fishing nets to pull out their evening meal, and began selling live turtles for turtle soup. Sales soared. Wal-Mart has also learned that in China, success requires it to embrace unions. Whereas in the United States Wal-Mart has vigorously resisted unionization, it came to the realization that in China unions don’t bargain for labor contracts. Instead, they are an arm of the state, providing funding for the Communist Party and (in the government’s view) securing social order. In mid- 2006 Wal-Mart broke with its long standing antagonism to unions and agreed to allow unions in its Chinese stores. Many believe this set the stage for Wal-Mart’s most recent move, the purchase in December 2006 of a 35 percent stake in the Trust-Mart chain, which has 101 hypermarkets in 34 cities across China. Now Wal-Mart has proclaimed that China lies at the center of its growth strategy. By early 2009 Wal-Mart had some 243 stores in the country, and despite the global economic slowdown, the company insists that it will continue to open new stores in China at a â€Å"double digit rate. †66 3. Why do you think Wal-Mart failed in South Korea and Germany? What are the differences between these countries and Mexico? 4. What must Wal-Mart do to succeed in China? Is it on track?

Destructive Love in Toni Morrisons Song of Solomon Essay examples --

Destructive Love in Toni Morrison's Song of Solomon When an emotion is believed to embody all that brings bliss, serenity, effervescence, and even benevolence, although one may believe its encompassing nature to allow for generalizations and existence virtually everywhere, surprisingly, directly outside the area love covers lies the very antithesis of love: hate, which in all its forms, has the potential to bring pain and destruction. Is it not for this very reason, this confusion, that suicide bombings and other acts of violence and devastation are committedÂ…in the name of love? In Toni Morrison's Song of Solomon, the reader experiences this tenuity that is the line separating love and hate in many different forms and on many different levelsÂâ€"to the extent that the line between the two begins to blur and become indistinguishable. Seen through Ruth's incestuous love, Milkman and Hagar's relationship, and Guitar's love for African-Americans, if love causes destruction, that emotion is not true love; in essence, such destructiv e qualities of "love" only transpire when the illusion of love is discovered and reality characterizes the emotion to be a parasite of love, such as obsession or infatuation, something that resembles love but merely inflicts pain on the lover. As her "daddy's daughter", there is little doubt that a form of love exists between Ruth Dead and Dr. Foster; however, such love is not truly love because as evidenced by Ruth's subsequent life, the filial relationship better resembles an emotional dependence that Ruth took for granted (67). The great emotional schism within her that is the result of her father's death leaves Ruth dysfunctional: she is unable to emote towards other, especially her family. Instead, ... ... Sunday man. He has instead become his cause, and the person behind that cause has been lost. In Song of Solomon, through many different types of love, Ââ€"Ruth's incestuous love, Milkman and Hagar's romantic love, and Guitar's love for his race, Ââ€"Toni Morrison demonstrates not only the readiness with which love will turn into a devastating and destructive force, but also the immediacy with which it will do so. Morrison tackles the amorphous and resilient human emotion of love not to glorify the joyous feelings it can effect but to warn readers of love's volatile nature. Simultaneously, however, she gives the reader a clear sense of what love is not. Morrison explicitly states that true love is not destructive. In essence, she illustrates that if "love" is destructive, it is most likely, a mutation of love, something impure, because love is all that is pure and true.

Bureaucracy and Max Weber

CONTENT INTRODUCTION2 CHARACTERISTICS OF MAX WEBER THEORY OF BUREAUCRACY2 CRITICS TOWARDS MAX WEBER’S THEORY5 ADVANTAGES OF MAX WEBER THEORIES6 CONCLUSION7 BIBLIOGRAPHY8 1. 0 Introduction According to Stephen P. Robbins and Mary Coulter in their book titled Management, bureaucracy can be defined as a form of organisation characterised by division of labour, a clearly defined hierarchy, detailed rules and regulations, and impersonal relationship. Bureaucracy usually gives a negative meaning in life. When it comes to bureaucracy, automatically people would imagine things like red-tape, filled form with too many information and too detail, small problems become complicated because of the rule to be abided and others. Even though we normally equalize bureaucracy with inefficiency, but the truth is, it represents efficiency because the advantages are more than disadvantages. Bureaucracy also can be regarded as an effective way created in order to move to a big organization. The bigger and complicated a formal organization, the greater requirement needed to control and synchronize every member’s activities. The necessities can be fulfilled by bureaucracy, which is an authority structure operated under a rules and procedures. Max Weber defines organization as a social mechanism that maximizes efficiency and effectiveness in administration. 2. 0 Characteristics of Bureaucracy by Max Weber Weber's focus on the trend of rationalization led him to concern himself with the operation and expansion of large-scale enterprises in both the public and private sectors of modern societies Bureaucracy can be considered to be a particular case of rationalization, or rationalization applied to uman organization. Bureaucratic coordination of human action, Weber believed, is the distinctive mark of modern social structures. In order to study these organizations, both historically and in contemporary society, Weber developed the characteristics of an ideal-type bureaucracy: 2. 0. 1 Written Rules of Conduct According to Weber, all decisions, rules and actions taken by the organization are formulated and rec orded in writing. Written documents ensure that there is continuity of the organization’s policies and procedures. Cutajar, 2010) Weber stressed that rational bureaucracies must be managed in accordance with carefully developed rules and principles that can be learned and applied and that transactions and decisions must be recorded so that rules can he reviewed. Only with such rules and principles can the activities of hundreds of managers at different levels in the organization be predicted and coordinated. If we cannot predict what others will do, then we cannot count on them. 2. 0. 2 Hierarchy of Authority Hierarchical authority is required in bureaucracies so that highly trained experts can be properly used as managers. (Borgatti, 2002) The type of authority laid down by Weber rests on the belief of in the legality of formal rules and hierarchies, and in the right of those elevated in the hierarchy to posses authority and issues command. Authority is given to the officials based on their skills, position and authority placed formally in each position. For instance, officer graduated from universities is respected more than the officer with no qualification from universities. He will be given more authorities and issues command. 2. 0. 3 Hierarchical Structure According to Weber, bureaucracies are goal-oriented organizations designed according to rational principles in order to efficiently attain their goals. Offices are ranked in a hierarchical order, with information flowing up the chain of command, directives flowing down. It was self-evident that coordinating the divisions of large organizations requires clear lines of authority organized in a hierarchy. That means there are clear levels of graded authority. All employees in the organization must know who their boss is, and each person should always respect the chain of command; that is, people should give orders only to their own subordinates and receive orders only through their own immediate superior In this way, the people at the top can be sure that directives arrive where they are meant to go and know where responsibilities lie. 2. 0. 4 Division of Labour Division of labour or in other word, specialization of division, means each office has a defined sphere of competence. The tasks of the organization are divided into distinct functions given to separate offices. These functions are clearly specified so that the staff know exactly what is expected of them. Job-holders are given the authority necessary to carry out their roles. Weber's idea of functional specialization applies both to persons within an organization and to relations between larger units or divisions of the organization. Stephen P. Borgatti in his article titled bureaucracy give an example of division of labour by Swift & Co. In his article, within a Swift packing plant, work was broken down into many special tasks, and employees were assigned to one or a few such tasks, including the tasks involved in coordinating the work of others. So, Swift was separated into a number of divisions, each specializing in one of the tasks in the elaborate process of bringing meat from the ranch to the consumer. Weber argued that such specialization is essential to a rational bureaucracy and that the specific boundaries separating one functional division from another must be fixed by explicit rules, regulations, and procedures. Borgatti, 2002) 2. 0. 5 Impersonality of Relationship Impersonality means  no hatred or passion with equality of treatment for all clients of the organization. It means, there must be no individual objectives are allowed. All people must follow the organization objectives. In other word, staff members are free of any external responsibilities and constraints so that they are able to attend to the ir duties in a fair and objective way. For example, work is separated from residence in order to separate personal duty and objective of the organization. 2. 0. Lifelong Career Commitment Weber stressed that employment in the organization should be seen as a career for officials. An official is a full-time employee, and anticipate a lifelong career. After an introduction period, the employee is given tenure, which protects the employee from arbitrary dismissal. The organization should create a better working scheme such as clear promotion route and good remuneration scheme. Max Weber viewed these bureaucratic elements as solutions to problems or defects within earlier and more traditional administrative systems. Likewise, he viewed these elements as parts of a total system, which, combined and instituted effectively, would increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the administrative structure. 3. 0 Critics toward Max Weber Theories of Bureaucracy There are various critics from public administration philosophers toward bureaucracy theory generated by max Weber. 3. 0. 1 Rigid Rules and Uncreative Weber lined out that the characteristics of his theory on bureaucracy is on hierarchical authority structure. However, the consequences that the organization has to bear is the lost of ability to generate new ideas. There are problems among lower officers due to hierarchical structure. It is because, in hierarchy, order is given by upper officer to the lower officer. The lower officer accepts the instruction without an opportunity to give their own opinion or ideas. So, there were no generation of new ideas and no any check and balance happen. A good organization should involve employees in decision making. 3. 0. 2 Slow Decision Making Process Because of Weber’s theory stressed on hierarchical authority, the decision making process become ineffective. It slows down the process. The decision is all coming from the top management. So, it takes too long for the information to reach the employees. 3. 0. 3 Exploitation of Position and Power Weber’s theory of bureaucracy could lead to exploitation. His suggestion on the use of written rule of conduct can bring problems. A. W Gouldner (1954) noticed that the ‘govern according to rules’ culture in organization caused the consequences of members following the minimum possible rules in order to get by. So, in bureaucratic organization, employees who know to twist the rules would gradually or evidently be more powerful. In consequence, power will have a tendency to shift from a nominal leader of the organization, who did not know how to play by the rules, to employee who really did. 3. 0. 4 Work is not Challenging In bureaucratic theory suggested by Weber, a promotion system is not encouraged. He prefers to use a system based on seniority or qualification in department exams. It means, all the promotions are based on the period he has worked on the organization or the answers on the exam paper. Therefore, there is no earnestness in work because the promotion system is not based on efficiency. The duties also are the same everyday and can create boredom among the officers. 3. 0. 5 Nonresponsive The theories suggested by Weber did not reflect to changes. Reflection is in the term of attitude and speed of changes or adjustments with the changes. For example, when people deal with government agencies or department, bureaucracy cannot help to accelerate the process, meanwhile increase the burden they have to take. The people have to pass through many processes before their problems can be settled. 4. The Advantages of Max Weber Theories of Bureaucracy Weber’s bureaucracy is based on logic and rationality which are supported by trained and qualified specialists. The element of a bureaucracy offers a stable and hierarchical model for an organization. 4. 0. 1 Prevent Misuse of Power Max Weber theories of bureaucracy prevent the misuse of power. It stressed the impersonality of relationship where the officers must distinguish the duties from personal matters. Often happen i n organization where officers use the facilities of the office for personal works. For example, an executive officer used to call his driver to fetch his daughter from school. This action cannot be legalised by the theory. This action shows how the officer used the facilities of the office for personal works. So, by applying the Max Weber theories, an officer can distinguish between the duties and personal matters. 4. 0. 2 Decision is rationalised Bureaucracy practises rational concept is where every decision is based on the objectives and criteria set by the public. Decision being made is not bias as it free from personal matters. It contributes in democracy through technical ability, not because of heritage of family relation in order to obtain certain position. 4. 0. 3 Clear and Written Records The characteristics of Max Weber bureaucracy lined up the need of written rules of conduct. It also stressed the documentation of any decision made. The advantage of this action is that it can be referred easily and any problems arise can be settled without rebuttal when there is a set of rules of conduct. 4. 0. 4 Specialization of Works Bureaucracy enables officers to know in depth on their tasks as the task is divided among them. The specialization also can decrease the burden of duties of the officer and can gradually increase their productivity. Besides that, it is easier for the management to choose among its officers whom are really capable to perform certain tasks. 4. 0. 5 Increase Efficiency and Effectiveness According to Weber, bureaucracies are goal-oriented organizations designed according to rational principles in order to efficiently attain their goals. Offices are ranked in a hierarchical order, with information flowing up the chain of command, directives flowing down. Operations of the organizations are characterized by impersonal rules that explicitly state duties, responsibilities, standardized procedures and conduct of office holders. Offices are highly specialized. Appointments to these offices are made according to specialized qualifications rather than ascribed criteria. All of these ideal characteristics have one goal, to promote the efficient attainment of the organization's goals. 5. 0 Conclusion Some have seriously misinterpreted Weber and have claimed that he liked bureaucracy, that he believed that bureaucracy was an â€Å"ideal† organization. Others have pronounced Weber â€Å"wrong† because bureaucracies do not live up to his list of â€Å"ideals. †Ã‚   Others have even claimed that Weber â€Å"invented† bureaucratic organization. But Weber described bureaucracy as an â€Å"ideal type† in order to more accurately describe their growth in power and scope in the modern world. The bureaucratic coordination of the action of large numbers of people has become the dominant structural feature of modern societies. It is only through this organizational device that large-scale planning and coordination, both for the modern state and the modern economy, become possible. The consequences of the growth in the power and scope of these organizations is vital to understanding our world. Bibliography Borgatti, S. P. (2002, April 02). analytictech. com. Retrieved March 10, 2011, from Bureaucracy: http://www. analytictech. com/mb021/bureau. htm Cutajar, M. (2010, July 29). Max Weber Bureaucracy Theory. Retrieved March 10, 2011, from suite101. com: http://www. suite101. com/content/max-weber-bureaucracy-theory-a267433

Heavy school bags Essay

Students have been yelling their complaint on heavy school bags for years. Yet, not many constructive responses have been made by society so far. According to a recent news report, the average weight of an S.3 student’s school bag is now 5 kg, while the burden of a primary six student is no less light if calculated in the school bag weight-to-body weight ratio. Heavy school bags create unbearable pressure to the spines of growing teens. Instead of telling students not to bring unnecessary items to school, I believe that there are far more measures schools and textbook publishers can take to alleviate the worrying situation. Textbooks constitute a major proportion of weight in a school bag. There have been voices from parents that textbook publishers are the ones to blame. In average, the number of pages in a secondary school textbook is 200. Despite the fact that students have to bring 200 pages to school (for one subject only), generally teachers only go over about 20 pages p er month. By easy calculation one can conclude that bringing such a think textbook is both pitiful and absurd. Actually, there is one practical and beneficial solution. Textbook publishers should separate the textbooks into different booklets, each covering a discrete topic. Since teachers usually lecture in a topic-based approach, students will only need to bring a thin booklet to school under the new arrangement. Not only do students benefit from a lighter load, but the publishers will gain as well. The use of loose-leaf binding in textbooks will need more pieces of paper in total, because cash booklet will have its own cover and functional pages such as content and index pages. The extra cost should not be significant as it will be averaged out by mass production, but the publishers can lift the price a bit as long as customers are willing to buy a textbook using a better binding method. The publishers will have nothing to lose but profit to gain, so why should they delay the ‘textbook reform’? Apart from textbook publishers, schools should be more lenient towards students. They should not punish students for leaving bulky textbooks inside their drawers. Although schools are concerned about pupils not studying if they leave textbooks at school, there can be other methods than banning it to solve the problems. For instance, teachers can distribute concise notes for students to study. Also, schools can extend the opening hours so that students can finish their revision at school and need not take a huge pile  of heavy textbooks home. Sometimes the school may require students to bring non-textbook items, like painting sets, readers and so on, to school. I recommend that schools should provide each student with a locker whenever possible. If the space of the school is too limited to place lockers, installing a drawer with lock to each student desk is also a favorable alternative. In this way, the weight of school bags can be further lessened. Last but not least, students should bear some responsibility for their huge daily burden. I heard that some students are far too lazy to tidy up their school bags every day. They put everything, no matter necessary or not, into their school bags but they never take anything out. As a result, the weight of the bag continuously increases. Primary kids should not be blamed for this since they might not know what to put in a school bag and need assistance from their parents. However, as secondary students, teenagers should be able to manage their school bags well. There is no excuse for them not to organize the items they have to bring to school. They will certainly find their school bags much lighter if they organize them wisely. As stated above, the problem of overweight school bags can be easily dealt with if textbook publishers, teachers and students are willing to take a step forward. A small step of progress might already result in a large reduction in school bag weights. I hope that next year I will hear from the news that the school bags have become fitter than before .

slaves of the middle passage Essay Example

slaves of the middle passage Essay Example slaves of the middle passage Essay slaves of the middle passage Essay et al. , 2006a. Hemispheres, Neuroscience for Kids [accessed June 7, 2007] http://faculty. washington. edu/chudler/ split. tml. Chudler, E. H. , et al. , 2006b. Sidedness, Neuroscience for Kids [accessed June 7, 2007] http://faculty. washington. edu/chudler/rightl. html. This project is based on an entry to the 2007 California State Science Fair: Hines, K. K. nd R. S. Thurman, 2007. Ballin: The Effect of Hand and Eye Dominance on a Subjects Free Throw Percentage, California State Science Fair Abstract [accessed June 7, 2007] http:// www. usc. edu/CSSF/History/2007/ProJects/S1106. pdf. This website has descriptions and calculators for several statistical tests, including the Students t-test that you can use in this project: Kirkman, T. date unknown. Students t-Tests, Department of Physics, College of St. Benedict St. Johns University [accessed June 7, 2007]http:// www. physics. csbs]u. edu/stats/t-test. html. Materials and Equipment To do this experiment you will need the following materials and equipment: 50-100 volunteers to take hand and eye dominance tests and then shoot free throws; notes: The more subjects you can test, the more reliable your results will be For more information, see the Science Buddies resource, How Many Participants Do I Need? Basketball Basketball court Hand dominance surveys Lab notebook Variations For a more basic experiment on determining right side/left side dominance in a sample population, see the Science Buddies project Are You Left or Right Sided? In this experiment, your hypothesis might have been that, when shooting free throws, the ball would (at least partially) block the dominant eye for shooters with uncrossed hand and eye dominances. Therefore, shooters with crossed hand and eye dominances might be expected to have an advantage. Can you think of a way to measure how much the ball blocks the vision of the dominant eye for each shooter? Can you incorporate this additional data into your analysis? Another approach to this project would be to use actual freethrow shooting statistics for real basketball teams. The trick is that you will need to be able to test (or survey) each player to find out their dominant hand and dominant eye. As in the experiment described above, it would be best to have at least 50-100 participants in your study, so youll need to test (or survey) a lot of players. Each player you include in your study will also need to have a significant number of freethrow attempts over the course of the season, so that you know the freethrow shooting percentage is reliable. What do you think the ffect of crossed hand/eye dominance would be in other sports, e. g. hitting a baseball, archery, target rifle shooting, soccer, or golf? Design an experiment to test your hypothesis. 1. Do your background research so that you are knowledgeable about the terms, concepts, and questions, above. 2. Youll need to recruit 50-100 volunteers for this project. Ideally all of your volunteers will be approximately the same age, and will have roughly the same amount of experience shooting free throws . 3. The simplest way to collect the data for this experiment is to use a separate data sheet for each participant. On each data sheet you will need to collect the following information: a. Name b. Age c. Gender d. Hand dominance e. Eye dominance f. Number of years playing basketball g. Free throw percentage 4. To determine hand dominance, ask or observe: a. Which hand does your subject use for writing? Oust ask your subject to write his or her name. ) b. Which hand does your subject use to throw a ball. Give a ball to your subject and ask him or her to throw it to you. c. Which hand does your subject use to shoot baskets? (Generally when shooting, one hand cradles the ball, and the other hand launches the ball toward the basket. The hand providing the driving force to the ball is the shooting hand. ) d. You could also simply ask each subject if they are right-handed, left-handed or mixed (ask for examples of what they do with each hand). You may want to analyze the data from subjects with mixed hand dominance separately (but you may need a large group of test subjects to get significant results). 5. To determine eye dominance, have the subject do the following (Archeryweb. org, date unknown): a. Extend both hands to arms length in front of you, and put your hands together to make a small triangle between your thumbs and the first knuckle n each hand (see Figure 1 below). The triangle should be roughly 2-3 cm on each side. Figure 1 . The illustration above shows how to make a sighting triangle with your hands to determine which of your eyes is dominant. (Image from Archeryweb. org, date unknown) b. With both eyes open, look through the triangle and center something (e. g. , a doorknob) in the triangle. c. Close your left eye. If the object remains in view, you are right eye dominant. If your hands appear to move off the object and move to the left, then you are left eye dominant. d. To validate the first est, look through the triangle and center the object again with both eyes open. e. Close your right eye. If the object remains in view, you are left eye dominant. If your hands appear to move off the object and move to the right, then you are right eye dominant. f. An alternative method is to assume the same position with your hands, and center the triangle around the object with both eyes open. Now, slowly bring your hands toward your face while continuing to look at the object with both eyes open. When your hands touch your face, the triangle opening should be in front of your dominant eye. g. Repeat the above tests a number of times to satisfy yourself that you are sure which eye is your dominant eye. . Have the subject shoot at least shots). Determine the shooting percentage for each subject: shooting % = 100 * number of shots made / number of shots taken. 7. For each subject, determine whether they have crossed or uncrossed hand and eye dominances. a. Crossed hand and eye dominances would be: left hand/right eye or right hand/left eye. Uncrossed hand and eye dominances would be: le ft hand/left eye or right hand/right eye. 8. Calculate the average shooting percentage for the participants with uncrossed hand nd eye dominances. 9. Calculate the average shooting percentage for the participants with crossed hand and eye dominances. 10. More advanced students should also calculate the standard deviation of the shooting percentage for each group. 11. Make a bar graph to show the average shooting percentage for both groups. Is there any difference between the two groups? 12. More advanced students should also calculate whether any difference found is statistically significant. For example, you could use a t-test to see if any difference between the mean shooting percentage of the two groups is significant (Kirkman, date unknown).

Violence Against Women Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Violence Against Women - Research Proposal Example rape, domestic violence, sexual harassment, coercive use of contraceptives, female genital mutilation, female infanticide, prenatal sex selection, obstetric violence and ,mob violence, honor killing, dowry violence, marriage by abduction and forced marriage, stalking and violence by police and other authority figure. Women suffer a lot due to the fact that bad acts done on them go unreported due to inadequate reporting processes, taboos, norms, stigma and the level of sensitivity of the subject. Cultural justifications responsible for the some of the acts are accepted by some states and societies claiming that they are defending their cultures. Cultures are the major cause and contributors to this violence. Health issue such as HIV/AIDS can be good example of cause that leads to violence. Health care of women who are culprits of violence incurs more cost than those not subjected to violence. To curb these problem campaign have been launched to educate women on their rights and proper ways of reporting to the authorities. In her book, Kate shows the seriousness of violence against women with the opinion that violence and mistreatments against women could be the primal cause of the increased conflicts and disagreements in societies, given that the women revolution is here with us today. She therefore advocates for social and current remedies to deal with the situation. In this book, violence against women and mistreatments are seen as the major reason why there is increased family violence in many homes today. The concern is that nothing has been done to deal with the situation. Procedures should be developed to save families. In this e-journal, Oaks insists on the importance of rethinking on how women should be treated in the society. Acts such as sexual harassment and unequal gender-based opportunities are great challenges that every society should deal with today. The book by Joan is a collection ideas and insights of professionals working with women,

Tthe Role of the Fashion Buyer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tthe Role of the Fashion Buyer - Essay Example The essay "Tthe Role of the Fashion Buyer" concerns the fashion buyer. In this perspective, the roles of a merchandiser and a buyer are complementary but deviate to distinct paths. In a traditional aspect, buyers focus on the visual aspects of garments while merchandising focuses on the analytical and numerical aspects of garments. A buyer’s principal objective pertains to identifying market appropriate garments that can as well satisfy the company’s profit requirements. This overall responsibility split into several roles. To begin with, it is crucial to consider types of buying roles in terms of high street and high end perspective. This splits in terms of retailers, wholesalers and manufacturers. In high street fashion, a buyer may be involved with stocking a shop that deals with designer brands. However, high street fashion deals with other garments apart from designer brands. In a multiple retail store, a buyer would concern with a whole process of product developm ent and arranging delivery of finished products. In independent clothes’ retailing, a buyer purchases garments from wholesalers and sell at one’s suitable price. In terms of a multiple retail store, a buyer possesses several specific tasks. To begin with, a buyer should select a range of garments that satisfy an optimum profit plan. Target margin refers to the profit that occurs after deductions of discounts and unsold stock. In this sense, a buyer’s task pertains to maximizing sales, of purchased stock, and minimizing unsold stock. Besides, a buyer should consider specific profit margin for single products. This necessitates that a buyer works with a merchandiser for a proper mix of stock. In addition, they observe trends of other businesses for interpretation to target customers. In addition, a buyer has a task of identifying a reliable supply base. Buyers must be knowledgeable of ineffective suppliers’ effect on sales and eventual profits (Jackson & Sh aw 2000, p. 67). More importantly, it is vital for a supplier to consider quality in terms of the cost that the supplier imposes. Furthermore, a buyer should consider the reputation of a manufacturer and supplier in terms of unethical practices. The media are so sensitive that it can pull down a major fashion store because of such an affiliation. After choosing a dependable supplier, a buyer considers the input from entities such as design garment technology and merchandising. This necessitates a process whereby the buyer negotiates of cost prices to supplies. This requires a buyer to possess skills of negotiation in terms of levers. Besides, buyers should evaluate and research on relevant and research market (Entwistle 2009, p. 57). This information is so diverse that it should include future fashion trends, past and current sales. In addition, the buyer should evaluate a consumer’s closest need. Buyers should also check competitor stores for evaluation of garments and price s. Besides, buyers should establish communication channels with the management, suppliers and product teams. For instance, supplier communication is vital for realistic, accurate and realistic about the specific terms of a placed order. Product range entails significant presentation in which creative details are clearly evaluated. In addition, buyers have the mandate of considering supplies within the constraints of a store’s budget. Other parameters include consideration such as historical orientation on sales and color trends. In addition, a